Scientific Papers
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Secret Warfare in Neutral Austria during the Cold War
In 1990, the existence of a secret anti-Communist stay-behind army in Italy, codenamed "Gladio" and linked to NATO, was revealed. Subsequently, similar stay-behind armies were discovered in all NATO countries in Western Europe as well as in neutral countries, including Sweden, Finland and Switzerland. Based on parliamentary and governmental reports, oral history, and investigative journalism, the essay argues that neutral Austria also operated a stay-behind army during the Cold War which was linked to NATO and the CIA.
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The Ghost of Machiavelli
In order to keep the power, one has to use terror sometimes”, the Italian philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli suggested 500 years ago. Today, the ghost of Machiavelli haunts the planet as acts of terrorism and warfare dominate the daily news. Historians now have access to a document that was made public in Italy in 1990 and shed new light on the secret aspects of the Cold War in Western Europe.
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The CIA in Western Europe and the Abuse of Human Rights
Covert action by the CIA and other intelligence services is designed toremain secret. Academics and the public at large therefore to this veryday face great difficulties in answering two specific questions: Whatcovert action has the CIA carried out in Europe during its almost60 years of existence? Did CIA covert action violate human rights in Europe? Drawing on new historical research this paper approaches these questions and presents a set of answers.
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The British Secret Service in Neutral Switzerland
In 1990, the existence of a secret anti-Communist stay-behind armyin Italy, codenamed ‘Gladio’ and linked to NATO, was revealed.Subsequently, similar stay-behind armies were discovered in allNATO countries in Western Europe. Based on parliamentary andgovernmental reports, oral history, and investigative journalism, theessay argues that neutral Switzerland also operated a stay-behind army under the code name “P26”. It explores the role of the British secret service and the reactions ofthe British and the Swiss governments to the discovery of the networkand investigates whether the Swiss stay-behind army, despite Swissneutrality, was integrated into the International NATO stay-behindnetwork.
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Fear as a Weapon
If we think about weapons today, we often produce the pictures of guns, tanks, atomic bombs, aircraft carries and fighter jets in our minds. However, one of the most influential weapons is invisible to the human eye: Fear. The phenomenon fear is being studied by the military discipline “psychological warfare” (PSYWAR) and is being used also today on the global battlefields to discredit and weaken an enemy. This paper presents examples from the Cold War period when fear was used as a weapon in order to inform the reader how fear might be used as a weapon today.
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Wie Manager den Frieden fördern
Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and their staff manage companies with the intention to maximize profits. That at the same time managers also have an impact on war and peace is a rather new concept, which until today has not been analyzed systematically by scientists. In order to fill this research gab the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich has launched a “business of peace” research project. This paper shows that this new field of research is gaining both interest and importance in the business community.
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Terrorism in Western Europe
Research into terrorism in Western Europe has for many years focused on the „Red Brigades“ in Italy, the „Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF)“ in Germany, the "Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA)" in Spain, and the "Irish Republican Army (IRA)" in Ireland. New historical research shows, however, that next to these well known terrorist groups another set of secret units existed on the same continent: stay-behind armies controlled by NATO, the CIA and MI6, some of which seem also to have bee linked to terrorism and crime. This new data, as presented in the paper, opens up a set of disturbing new questions on our understanding of the history of terrorism in Europe.
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Brauchen wir eine Ökonomie des Friedens?
International wars, civil wars, terrorist attacks and dictatorships are complex and multi-causal representations of violence. But they are all influenced by the flow of money. The paper differentiates between a “business of peace” which supports peaceful coexistence, and a “business of war”, which profits from war, terror and violence, and presents case studies for each category.